Delhi Sultanate ( Ilbari/ Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid & Lodi Dynasty)

Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate is a term used to cover five short-lived dynasties, Delhi-based kingdoms or sultanates, the first three of which were of Turkic origin, the fourth was the Sayyid and the last was the Lodi. The sultanates ruled from Delhi 1206 and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. The five dynasties were the Ilbari dynasty (1206–90); the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320); the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414); the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51); and the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).

The Ilbari or Slave Dynasty

Qutab-Ud-Din Aibak

Ilbari Dynasty (also referred as Mamluk Dynasty or Slave Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty) was founded by Qutab-Ud-Din Aibak in 1206AD. His capital was in Lahore.
Qutab-Ud-Din Aibak built Qutab Minar after the name of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutabuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
Also built a mosque in India Quwwat-ul-Islam (Delhi) & Adhai Din ka Jhopara (Ajmer).
He was called Lakh Baksh.
His Senanayak Bakhtiyar Khilji destroyed the universities of Nalanda and Vikramshila.
In 1210 AD, he died after falling off a horse at Lahore, while playing Chaugan (Polo).
After Aibak his son Aramshah came to the throne only for 8 months.

Iltutmish

After Aramshah Iltutmish came in 1211AD.
He was the Ilbari Turk of Turkistan.
At the time of Aibak’s death he was the Governer of Badayun.
Iltutmish finished the foundation of Kutab-Minar.
He first issued the pure Arabic Coins (Silver coin- Tanka, Bronze Coin- Jital).
He organized the Iqta System.
He constituted a corp of 40 loyal slaves Amirs Known as Turkan-i-Chihalgani. (Group of 40 Slaves).
He died in 1236AD.
Then Ruknuddin Firoz, his son came to the throne.
He was not an efficient ruler so he was deposed by Raziya, daughter of Iltutmish.

Raziya

Raziya succeeded Ruknuddin and ruled for 3 and half years.
Raziya’s husband was Altunia.
She was the first female ruler of India.
Raziya was killed in 1240.
Then Behram Shah came but in 1242 he was imprisoned.
After Behram, Alauddin Masud Shah came but he also lost his throne in 1246.
Now it was Nassir-Uddin-Mahmud who ruled for some time.

Balban

After Nassir Balban adopted the title of Ghiyas-Uddin-Balban and came to the throne in 1966.
His actual name was Bahauddin.
He was a slave of Iltutmish.
He destroyed Turkan-E-Chihalgani.
He saved India from the Mongol invasion.
He revived the practice of sijda (prostration) & paibos
(kissing monarch’s feet).
He also started Navroz, a Parsi Culture.
He took the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God).
He got the title Ulung Khan from Nassir Uddin Mahmud.
The famous poet Amir Khusro and Amir Hasan stayed in his court.

Khilji Dynasty

Jalaluddin-Firoz-Khilji

In 1290 Jalaluddin-Firoz-Khilji founded the Khilji Dynasty.
His capital was in Kilokheri.
Jalal Uddin was killed by Alauddin Khilji.

Allauddin Khilji

Allauddin Khilji came to the throne in 1296AD after the death of Jalal Uddin.
Ali and Gurshappa were his child hood name.
He sent Malik Kafoor to win South India.
He built Jamait Khana Masjid, Alai Darwaja, Siri Ka Kila & Hazar Khamba Mahal.
He adopted the title of Sikandar-e-Sani.
The market control or the Economic Regulations of Alauddin Khilji was known by Tarikhe-Firozshahi, written by Ziauddin-Barni.
Khajainul-Fatuha was written by Amir Khusro and Rihala was written by Ibn Battuta.
Allauddin Khilji died in 1316AD.

Tughlaq Dynasty

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq

In 1320 AD Ghaji Malik ascended the throne adopting the title of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
He saved India 29 times from the Mongol attack.
He took keen interest in the construction of canals and formulated a famine policy.
He established a city near Delhi and named it Tughlaqabad.
He built a Minar in Tughlaqabad that is called Chhappankot.
He died in 1325AD.

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq ascended the throne after Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
In medieval period he was the most literate, knowledgeable and suitable person. But for his cruelty he was called Mad.
He transferred his capital from Delhi to Devgiri and named it as Daulatabad.
He set up a new department of Agriculture called Diwan-i-Kohi.
The famous African traveler Ibn Battuta came to Delhi during 1333AD.
Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq died in 1351AD.
In 1336 two brothers Harihar and Bukka established a new Dynasty in Vijayanagar.
In 1347 another Bahamani Dynasty was established by Alauddin-Bahaman Shah in Maharashtra.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq

Firoz-Shah Tughlaq came to the throne in 1351AD.
He started the Jijiya (tax for Hindu Pilgrim).
He was the first muslim ruler who started Jijiya.
He established 300 new cities: Hisar, Firozabad, Fatehabad, Jainpur, Firozpur were the most famous.
He transferred Asoka’s inscription from Topra to Delhi.
He wrote his autobiography ‘Fatuhat-e-Firozsahi’.
He died in 1388AD.
The temple of Puri was destroyed by Firoz-Shah-Tughlaq.
He is called Akbar of Sultanate Period.
After him Nasir-Ud-Din-Mahmud Shah Tughlaq ascended the throne.
Taimur Lang attacked Delhi in 1398 during the period of Nasir-Ud-Din-Mahmud Tughlaq.
Taimur did a general massacre and merciless robbery in Delhi. Tughlaq dynasty suffered a great loss after this and came to an end.

Sayyid Dynasty

The founder of Sayyid Dynasty was Khizr Khan.
Khizr Khan was the commander in Chief of Taimur Lang.
He died in 1421 AD.
His son Mubarak Khan adopted the title of Shah.
The last ruler of Sayyid Dynasty was Alauddin Alam Shah.

Lodi Dynasty

Bahlul Lodi

Founder of Lodi Dynasty was Bahlul Lodi.
He adopted the title of Bahlul Shah Ghazi in 1451 and ascended the throne.
He issued the Bahlul Coins.

Sikandar Lodi

Sikandar Lodi (born Nizam Khan), the second son of Bahlul, succeeded him after his death in 1489.
Sikandar Lodi established Agra in 1504 AD.
He composed poetry in Persian under the pen name 'Gulrukhi'.
Sikandar Lodi transfered his capital in Agra.

Ibrahim Lodi

After Sikandar Lodi his son Ibrahim Lodi ascended the throne in 1517 AD.
During this period Daulat Khan Lodi (chief opponent) and Alam Khan (Uncle of Ibrahim Lodi) invited Babur to attack India.
Hence on 21st April, 1526AD 1st Battle of Panipath was fought between Ibrahim Lodi and Babur. Babur's force defeated Ibrahim's much larger force of over one lakh (one hundred thousand) soldiers.
This First battle of Panipat thus ended the 'Lodi Rule' established by Bahlul Lodi in India.